Prevalence of Masked Hypertenstion in Type 2 Diabetic...

The main finding of this study is that the serum ADMA levels were significantly increased in MHT patients with DM compared to normotensive diabetic subjects. ADMA levels, BMI, and low HDL levels were independent predictors of MHT in patients with DM. ADMA levels positively correlated with ABPM measurements, especially daytime measurements, but were not related to office BP measurements. ADMA levels may play a role in prediction, with a good sensitivity and negative predictive value but poor specificity and positive predictive value. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship between ADMA and MHT in the current literature. Ng et al. studied in a total of 133 DM patients, 18% of whom had MHT. It was†¦show more content†¦In another elegant human trial, Achan et al. demonstrated that ADMA infusion increases systemic vascular resistance by 24%, and mean arterial BP by 6% in healthy subjects and that a bolus dose of ADMA decreases cardiac output by 15% [18]. In a second part of that study, it was shown that a handgrip maneuver increased cardiac output in control subjects by 96%, but in subjects given ADMA, cardiac output increased by only 35%. ADMA concentration 30 min after the infusion was 2.6 mol/L, however, the baseline value was not provided. In addition, several studies have shown that serum ADMA levels are increased in essential hypertension about two fold and are related to impaired endothelial function [5,16]. Perticone and colleagues found that ADMA in essential hypertensive subjects was strongly and inversely associated with the peak increase in forearm blood flow [5]. These studies demonstrated that ADMA plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone. It is known that ADMA levels are increased among type 2 DM patients [19]. On the contrary, in a small study, Paiva et al. reported decreased ADMA level in diabetics due to renal hyperfiltration [20]. It seems that the prognostic value of ADMA is more important in patients with DM [21]. Krzyzanowska et al. reported that ADMA predicted cardiovascular events and enhanced the predictive role of CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes. In

How Does Emily Dickinson Try to Describe a Psychological...

How does Emily Dickinson try to describe a psychological state in her poem â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain?† Emily Dickson was born in 1830, in the town of Amherst, Massachusetts. She grew up in a prominent and prosperous household in which she was raised as a cultured Christian woman. The sixteenth centaury was a very historical period in America. During this time slavery had been abolished, women were campaigning for rights, gold was discovered and America was going through a depression. Transcendentalism was one of the most important movements of the time. The poem â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain† appears to convey the experience of a mind facing its own collapse. â€Å"Funeral in my Brain† is a metaphor for the death of the mind. Throughout the†¦show more content†¦Treading is a harsh word, the fact that it’s repeated suggests that it’s ongoing; they are not stopping. The mourners may be treading so that the speaker begins to understand, they may be treading to bring out a sense of reality back in to her, they are trying to wake her up. This links to the idea of sleep paralysis; she may be dreaming and not aware. Dickinson also uses alliteration to emphasis and enhances the word â€Å"treading†. â€Å"That sense was breaking through† this implies that the speaker is understanding what is going on , things are starting to make sense to her as the mourners were treading which sparked something in her brain to understand. On the other hand there are many different things which could be breaking through to her. It may be that the mourners are pushing her to make sense or that she finally understood herself and her own sense and beliefs were sinking in. Her â€Å"sense† (or knowledge) of what is occurring begins â€Å"breaking through† to climax in some kind of understanding about her impending devastation. Like the word brain, which has two meanings, the word sense can also refer to the speaker’s physical senses, which are likewise affected by the mourners plaguing her mind. In addition I felt a cleaving in my mind compares to I felt a funeral in my brain in many ways. The poet has been in a depression and unhealthy mental state. In the first stanza she feels like her brain is splitting and she is trying toShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesupdated: April 26, 2016 Logical Reasoning Bradley H. Dowden Philosophy Department California State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright  © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions:

Legaliza of Medical Marijuana Free Essays

Assignment 2 Write your outline for your research paper by filling out the following template. Outline – Topic: Should Marijuana Be Legalized For Medical Purposes Introduction: Thesis Statement: Medical marijuana should be legalized but in the strict control of the doctor. Paragraph 1: PRO 1 Idea(s) to be developed: marijuana can relieve certain types of pain. We will write a custom essay sample on Legaliza of Medical Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Evidence/Examples: The evidence is overwhelming that marijuana can relieve certain types of pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms caused by such illnesses as multiple sclerosis, cancer and AIDS. Source(s) used: Joycelyn Elders, Mar. 26, 2004 Paragraph 2: PRO 2 Idea(s) to be developed: It’s a matter between doctors and patients. Evidence/Examples:If doctors believe that it does help, and will be useful to the patient, they have the right to appoint it! Source(s) used: Aug. 9, 2007 – Dennis Kucinich Paragraph 3: PRO 3 Idea(s) to be developed: Marijuana clearly has medicinal value. Evidence/Examples: Thousands of seriously ill Americans have been able to determine that for themselves, albeit illegally. Source(s) used: 1999 – Lyn Nofziger Paragraph 4: PRO 4 Idea(s) to be developed: Study of marijuana . Evidence/Examples: I have found in my study of these patients that cannabis is really a safe, effective and non-toxic alternative to many standard medications. There is no such thing as an overdose. Source(s) used: Nov. 17, 2005 – Philip Denney, MD Paragraph 5: PRO 5 Idea(s) to be developed: Cannabis is remarkably safe. Evidence/Examples: Although not harmless, it is surely less toxic than most of the conventional medicines it could replace if it were legally available. Source(s) used: 1 oct. 2007 – Lester Grinspoon, MD Paragraph 6: CON 1 Idea(s) to be presented: It is addictive. Refutation :Marijuana is not the safe drug portrayed by the marijuana lobby. It is addictive; it adversely affects the immune system; leads to the use of other drugs such as cocaine; is linked to cases of cancer; causes respiratory diseases, mental disorders, including psychosis, depression, panic attacks, hallucinations†¦ Source(s) used:Oct. 1, 2004 – Janet Lapey, MD How to cite Legaliza of Medical Marijuana, Essay examples

Global Health Impacts of Water Pollution - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Health Impacts of Water Pollution. Answer: Introduction The environment plays a crucial role in determining the health factors of the global population. Today there are lots of advocacy programs and campaigns to ensure the welfare of the environment especially under the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Water is part of the physical environment and yet a very paramount health determinant for the population as stated by Wang et al 1. Access to clean water for drinking and general use is one of the priorities of the WHO among other individual governments that have made it a millennial goal. In fact, adequate clean and fresh water supply for drinking is currently a basic need for every human being according to Hogan 2. However, statistical records indicate that a section of the world population is deprived of this need. The current sustained threat on freshwater resources across the world includes not only over-exploitation and/or poor water management but also environmental pollution i.e. water pollution as stated in Kponee et al 3. There are several causes of fresh water pollution and these include untreated waste discharge into water bodies, crude dumping of industrial effluents in fresh water bodies, agricultural field run-off, chemicals among others. While industrial growth and urbanization are paramount factors in promoting economic growth, they are the key contributors of the increasing synthetic organic substance use which leads to the pollution of freshwater bodies. Developing countries in particular suffer the health impacts of water pollution as a result of chemical discharge into groundwater from industries and from agricultural run-off according to Chang et al 4. Even so, the developed world suffers these health impacts of water pollution as well, especially in cities as a result of urbanization. This particular study will focus on discussing the health impacts of water pollution on the global scale. The discussion will focus on the definition of water pollution, its different causes, the health impacts and a clear critique of different literature on the changing environmental modifications bringing about the health impacts. This particular topic is of special interest as water continuous to be more scarce and yet more contaminated as a result of the ever increasing anthropogenic activities. The discussion will be imperative in highlighting the current state of water pollution and the different direct and indirect health impacts as a result of the related environmental modifications. Water pollution is one of the current concerns to environmental conservation and management agencies and health institutions by extension. It refers to the process of contaminating different water bodies including rivers, aquifers, groundwater, lakes and oceans as a result of different anthropogenic activities. It occurs particularly when different pollutants i.e. particles, substances and even chemicals get discharged into the water bodies both directly and indirectly without sufficient treatment. According to Moss 5, water pollution can either at point or non-point source or even trans-boundary and therefore the second most important environmental concern apart from air pollution. Water pollution can therefore be defined further as any change and/or modification of the environment physically, chemically and biologically which directly or indirectly changes the water properties and thus leading to detrimental health impacts on living things. Water covers about 70% of the surface of the Earth and forms one of the most basic resources for human survival on the planet as indicated by Hogan 2. A lot of developing countries have documented deaths as a result of inadequate portable water for drinking and for domestic purposes. Even so, the health impacts caused by water pollution do not only affect humans directly but indirectly too by negatively influencing the whole functionality of aquatic ecosystems. According to Wang et al 1 recent time has seen different councils, governments and organizations work continuously towards educating, protecting, restoring waterways and even encouraging individuals to prevent water pollution and protect water ecosystems. Health Effects of Water Pollution Water pollution results in the contamination of water which causes several diseases among them water borne diseases. According to Lengoasa 6 water borne diseases refer to different infectious diseases which are spread mainly through contact with or consumption of contaminated water. Despite the fact that these particular diseases can be spread by flies and through filth, it is clear that water is the main medium that enables the spread. Majority of intestinal diseases are very infectious and their transmission is by fecal waste in contaminated water. Pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans parasitic worms and bacteria found in human fecal matter cause the various enteric diseases. In regard to Gasana 7, these particular diseases are very prevalent especially in areas that have poor sanitary conditions and therefore have contaminated water. The pathogens go through different sources of water while interfusing directly through food and water handlers. These diseases include amo ng others hepatitis, dysentery, paratyphoid fever, typhoid, cholera, bacillary and amoebic dysentery, and poliomyelitis and affect large populations especially within the tropical regions of the world. A part from the above microorganisms, a lot of chemicals which exist both naturally and others which are added as a result of anthropogenic activities dissolve in water and thus contaminating as indicated in Wang et al 1. This results in various disease conditions. Pesticides for instance contain organophosphates and carbonates which are both carcinogenic and damaging to the central nervous system in humans. Several pesticides comprise of carcinogenic compounds and chemicals which are beyond the recommended level as shown in Hogan 2. Chlorides in such pesticides also cause damage to the reproductive and the endocrine system. Heavy metals like Lead found in contaminated water is a dangerous health hazard as it damages the central nervous system and affect both adults and unborn babies. The most at risk individuals in regard to Lead effect include pregnant women and children. Fluorides are also harmful water contaminants as they result to yellowing teeth among affected individuals acco rding to Rowell et al 8. People living in areas that have Fluoride tend to have brownish and yellow teeth. They are also prone to damages to the spinal cord among other diseases that lead to crippling. According to Kim et al 11, water contaminated with Nitrates poses a risk to the population as they result to the blue baby syndrome. This disease condition occurs among infants who have been put on formula milk prepared with contaminated water. Nitrates restrict the oxygen levels reaching the brain and thus leading to the dreaded blue baby condition. They are also carcinogenic to the digestive tract apart from resulting in algal bloom and thus eutrophication in fresh surface water. Other hazardous water contaminants include petrochemicals and Benzene which are carcinogenic even in low level exposures as shown in Kponee et al 3. Petrochemicals are reported to contaminate groundwater especially from storage tanks of petroleum dug underground .On the other hand, water contaminated with Arsenic lead to poisoning resulting into damage to the liver and the nervous system. Arsenic also leads to vascular diseases and even skin cancer in exposed individuals. Salts also contaminate fresh water rendering it unusable. Disruption of the food-chain Water pollution like any other environmental modification interferes with the food chain as an indirect health impact to humans. Pollutants including Lead and Cadmium once consumed by some tiny animals which are later eaten by fish disrupts the food chain to the higher levels. In particular, over 100000 synthetic organic compounds being used today find their way into the aquatic environment as shown in Wang et al 1. They accumulate in aquatic organisms and thus interfere with the food chain. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are the most hazardous elements in the ecosystem and particularly to human health according to Kponee et al 3. These include industrial chemicals and/or agricultural pesticides which are added into freshwater sources. Large scale use of pesticides chemically contaminates groundwater relied upon by animals and humans. The population around such contaminated water bodies consumes poisoned sea food and end up developing diseases such as hepatitis. Consumption of sea food and other animals with high concentrations of harmful elements like arsenic result to adverse health effects. For instance, high arsenic concentrations that were discovered present in drinking water sources in about six districts of West Bengal led to skin lesions as described by Y 9. Even so, the pollution was found to have been caused by natural causes and therefore the government embarked on the approaches of removing the arsenic content. Water pollution such as oil spillages on seas lead to the death of aquatic animals, some of which are reliable food sources for humans. The release of untreated sewage among other untreated chemical effluents into water bodies renders the water bodies inhabitable for aquatic life. As a result of this contamination the sea animals die and end up at the nearby beaches dead. These include crabs, birds, sea gulls, fish, and dolphins, among others whose habitat is modified negatively and thus rendered harmful. According to Chang et al 4, an ecosystem refers to how living things interact and depend on each other in a given environment. The global ecosystems can however be modified and/or destroyed severely as a result of water pollution. Today a lot of areas are experiencing the impacts of careless anthropogenic water pollution, which in turn hurts back humans. For instance, Bhattacharya 10 indicates that run-off from agricultural farms, golf courses; back yards have pesticides including t he harmful DDT which eventually contaminate water sources. On the other hand leachate from different landfill sites in cities and rural areas forms another source of water pollution. The chemicals in this leachate affect the ecosystems as an indirect impact on humans but also lead to both endocrine and reproductive system problems among humans and the wildlife according to Kponee et al 3. These contaminants infuse into groundwater persist in their chemical compound forms to end up interfering with the ecosystems. Interpretation of the Findings on the Health Impacts of Water Pollution From the literature above, water pollution is mainly caused by anthropogenic activities which compromise the quality of water and thus result in problems to the ecosystems, death of dependent living things and diseases. A lot of areas for particularly have both contaminated surface and ground water as a result of heavy metal, POPs and nutrient infusion as shown in Hogan 2. These comprise of the main components that lead to diseases related to water pollution. Apart from poor management of water sources, it is evident that industries and individuals leaving their effluents to join the water sources untreated are part of the water pollution problem. According to Bhattacharya 10, there can be an assurance of safe water for all only when there is access to it, its sustainability and equity in regard to provision. The WHO has fostered different programs aimed at not only promoting access, sustainability and equity in the use of water resources but has also put in place related policies fo r government to take up this particular initiative. Generally on a global scale, urban areas boast of higher safe water sources coverage as compared to rural areas. These urban areas however experience water contamination as a result leaky joints on water pipes in areas that have sewer lines and water pipes close to each other as shown in Chang et al 4. In other occasions, water may get polluted at the main sources as a result of human activities and thus lead to the above harmful health impacts. The current approaches aimed at resolving environmental issues such as conservation fall within the jurisdiction of a number of local and international bodies. As mentioned earlier, water pollution is one of the major agendas in these particular programs. The world has learnt enough regarding the effects of water pollution starting the Mina Mata disease in Japan where individuals fed on sea food contaminated with inorganic mercury as described by Gasana 7. Since then, the Japanese government shut down the plant that was letting its wastes int o the nearby beach in order to prevent any future recurrences. In other areas, cholera outbreaks have occurred along river courses where people share a common water source and this has always brought about the need for continued surveillance and control of infectious diseases, particularly those that are water-based, water related and water-washed in nature. Conclusion In conclusion therefore, the above discussion highlights mainly the health impacts of water pollution globally. The study narrows down to the definition of water pollution, its different causes, the health impacts and a clear critique of different literature on the changing environmental modifications bringing about the health impacts. Among the different causes of water pollution as a type of environmental modification includes release of untreated industrial wastes into water bodies, release of untreated sewage, open dumping of domestic wastes in water bodies, agricultural run-off contaminated with fertilizers, and pesticides. Water pollution has led to water-borne diseases, death of aquatic animals some of which are food sources, negative effect on the ecosystems and further, disruption of the food chains. Among the diseases caused by the chemicals, nutrients and microorganisms within the water contaminants include yellowing of teeth, blue baby syndrome, central nervous system dam age, dysentery, cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid fever. The discussion has highlighted the current global state of water pollution and the different direct and indirect health impacts due to related environmental modifications. Water pollution can thus be prevented by relevant institutions according to Newton 12 through; public education on prevention measures; creation of preventive policies and their enforcement; governmental funding of prevention procedures including surveillance and control and further; creating a culture of cleanliness through behavior change programs in communities globally. Reference Wang, Q., Yang, Z. Industrial water pollution, water environment treatment, and health risks in China.Environmental Pollution. 2016. 218, 358-365. Hogan CM. "Water pollution.Encyclopedia of Earth.Topic ed. Mark McGinley; ed. in Chief C. Cleveland. National Council on Science and the Environment, Washington, DC. 2010. Kponee, K., Chiger, A., Kakulu, I., Vorhees, D., Heiger-Bernays, W. Petroleum contaminated water and health symptoms: a cross-sectional pilot study in a rural Nigerian community.Environmental Health. 2015. 14(1). Chang, H., Bonnette, M. Climate change and water-related ecosystem services: impacts of drought in California, USA.Ecosystem Health and Sustainability. 2016.2(12), e01254. Moss B. "Water Pollution by Agriculture"(PDF). Trans. Royal Society B.2008.363: 659666. Lengoasa, J. Climate Variability and Change: Impacts On Water Availability.Irrigation and Drainage,2016; 65(2), 149-156. Gasana, J. (2014). Water and Health.Air Water Borne Diseases,03(02). Rowell, C., Kuiper, N., Shomar, B. Potential health impacts of consuming desalinated bottled water.Journal of Water and Health. 2015. 13(2), 437. Y, K. Arsenic-Polluted Groundwater in Cambodia: Advances in Research.International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment. 2016 (ISSN 2381-5299),2(1). Bhattacharya, D. Large Volume Holding of Water at Surface is Potent Anti-Dote to Pollution and Health Hazards.Air Water Borne Diseases; 2017, 06(01). Kim, H., Park, S. (2016). Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Highly Polluted with Nitrate in an Agricultural Area of Hongseong, Korea.Water,8(8), 345. Newton, D.Chemistry of the Environment. Checkmark Books.2008; ISBN0-8160-7747-9.